Sankin-kōtai
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| Sankin-kōtai | |||||
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| Japanese name | |||||
| Kana | さんきんこうたい | ||||
| Kyūjitai | 參覲交代, 參勤交代, 參覲交替 or 參勤交替 | ||||
| Shinjitai | 参覲交代, 参勤交代, 参覲交替 or 参勤交替 | ||||
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Sankin-kōtai (Japanese: 参覲交代/参覲交替, now commonly written as 参勤交代/参勤交替, 'alternate attendance') was a policy of the Tokugawa shogunate during most of the Edo period of Japanese history.[1] The purpose was to strengthen central control over the daimyōs (major feudal lords). It required feudal lords, daimyō, to alternate living for a year in their domain and in Edo, the capital.
History[edit]
Toyotomi Hideyoshi had earlier established a similar practice of requiring his feudal lords to keep their wives and heirs at Osaka Castle or the nearby vicinity as hostages to ensure their loyalty. Following the Battle of Sekigahara and the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, this practice was continued at the new capital of Edo as a matter of custom. It was made compulsory for the tozama daimyōs in 1635, and for the fudai daimyōs from 1642. Aside from an eight-year period under the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune, the law remained in force until 1862.[2]
Description[edit]
The details changed throughout the 26 decades of Tokugawa rule, but generally, the requirement was that the daimyōs of every han move periodically between Edo and his fief, typically spending alternate years in each place. His wife and heir were required to remain in Edo as hostages while he was away. The expenditures necessary to maintain lavish residences in both places, and for the procession to and from Edo, placed financial strains on the daimyo, making them unable to wage war. The frequent travel of the daimyo encouraged road building and the construction of inns and facilities along the routes, generating economic activity.
There were a number of exceptions for certain fudai daimyōs in the vicinity of Edo, who were allowed to alternate their attendance in Edo every six months instead. Temporary exceptional dispensations were also occasionally granted due to illness or extreme extenuating circumstances.[2]
In principle, the sankin-kōtai was a military service to the shōgun. Each daimyō was required to furnish a number of soldiers (samurai) in accordance with the kokudaka assessment of his domain. These soldiers accompanied the daimyō on the processions to and from Edo.
With hundreds of daimyōs entering or leaving Edo each year, processions (大名行列, daimyō-gyōretsu) were almost daily occurrences in the shogunal capital. The main routes to the provinces were the kaidō. Special lodgings, the honjin (本陣), were available to daimyōs during their travels.
The sankin-kōtai figures prominently in some Edo-period ukiyo-e woodblock prints, as well as in popular theater such as kabuki and bunraku.
Effects[edit]
Economic[edit]
The expense of maintaining lavish residences in both Edo and their domain as well as the costly annual journeys to and from Edo was disastrous for the daimyo and greatly enhanced the political control imposed by the sankin-kōtai system.[3] As the main source of money for most daimyo was mainly dependent on the rice surplus, which was sharply limited by the relative inflexibility of the productive capacity of the han, the incomes of the daimyo were unable to keep up with the increasing financial needs of the daimyo, forcing them to go into debt.[4] Sankin-kōtai expenses regularly made up 70 to 80 percent of the total annual expenditures of daimyo. Economic programs, efforts to increase production, and special taxes were all attempted, but offered no permanent solution.[5] By the Genroku period, practically every daimyo was deep in debt due to the extravagant spending universal during this period. Even the wealthiest feudatory, the Maeda clan of Kaga, began to encounter financial difficulties at this time.[6]
Similar practices[edit]
King Louis XIV of France instituted a similar practice upon the completion of his palace at Versailles, requiring the French nobility, particularly the ancient Noblesse d'épée ("nobility of the sword") to spend six months of each year at the palace, for reasons similar to those of the Japanese shōguns. The nobles were expected to assist the king in his daily duties and state and personal functions, including meals, parties, and, for the privileged, rising from and getting into bed, bathing, and going to church.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan, pp. 127–141.
- ^ a b Beasley, William G (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stamford University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0804708150.
- ^ Tsukahira 1966, p. 81.
- ^ Tsukahira 1966, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Tsukahira 1966, p. 101.
- ^ Tsukahira 1966, p. 85.
Bibliography[edit]
- Tsukahira, Toshio (1966). Feudal Control in Tokugawa Japan: the Sankin Kōtai System. East Asian Research Center, Harvard University. ISBN 9780674299009.
Further reading[edit]
- Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600
- Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
- Constantine Nomikos Vaporis (2008). Tour of Duty: Samurai, Military Service in Edo, and the Culture of Early Modern Japan. Univ of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0824834708
External links[edit]
Media related to Sankin kōtai at Wikimedia Commons
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